A Retrospective Study of Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II in Brazil - Data from Brazilian Health System (DATASUS)

Abstract Data on Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) in Latin America are scarce. This retrospective database study, using data from the Informatics Department of the Brazilian Health System (DATASUS), aimed to estimate the prevalence of MPSII in Brazil from 2008 to 2020 and to describe demographic and clinical profiles from patients under treatment. The study population was derived from DATASUS records of MPS II (ICD-10 E76.1) diagnosed in Brazil. Initially 455 patients were found, but only 181 patients who were receiving idursulfase treatment were included in this study. Among these cases, as expected in a X-linked disease, all were males and 40% of the cases were recorded in the Southeast region, and another 34% in the Northeast region. The biggest proportion of patients (39%) were diagnosed when they were 10-19 years old. There are 212 clinical conditions associated with MPS II, although the main comorbidities related to MPSII include: abdominal/inguinal hernia, respiratory complications, and carpal tunnel syndrome. Respiratory disorders were the fifth most frequent comorbidity recorded in these patients. The healthcare professionals in Brazil more involved in the diagnosis of MPS II were radiologists, followed by geneticists and cardiologists. Despite some limitations, DATASUS is a relevant database to provide information on rare diseases such as MPS II. Most cases were reported in southeast and northeast regions, respectively. This information is crucial to help design targeted public policies.

Relative Risk Analysis of Patient Return Within 72 Hours to Emergency Department.

Introduction: Transparency in patient care in an emergency department can be projected by capturing data from the medical records of patients. Policy makers envision that transparency in this data will allow the patient to choose the right hospital of his choice. Relative risk is a ratio of the probability of an event occurring in the exposed group versus the probability of the event occurring in the non-exposed group. It is usually used in the scenario of clinical events. In this study we have used it to analyse one of the key performance indicators used in Emergency Department, as per Emerald standards. The problem statement identified in the study is the returning of patients to the Emergency department of a private, tertiary care hospital within 72 hours after the initial visit. A revisit in this study is assumed as an unplanned visit done by the patient within 72 hours with similar presenting complaints. Methodology: A retrospective cohort study for all emergency visits between January to June 2021. People who returned to EMD within 72 hours were compared to other non-re attending patients based on medical diagnosis, patient demographics, mode of arrival, triage category and qualification of doctors in charge. Multivariate analysis using the generalized linear model was conducted on variables associated with 72-hour ED re-attendance. Result: Among 18,355 patients, 128 (0.69%) were in the 72-hour re-attendees’ group. Multivariate analysis showed female gender as more, above 60 years of age, arrival by ambulance, triaged as yellow. Among the ICD-10 diagnosis for the patients who returned, it was not possible to identify one specific condition. But abdominal pain was one reason for the re-visit of a few patients. There was also a significant difference in the seniority ranking of the doctor-in-charge between both groups. Conclusion: Identification of characteristics of patients lead to improved care by surgeons and gastroenterology.

Comparative analysis of work-related musculoskeletal disorders catalogues / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) refer to musculoskeletal disorders caused by work or work as the main cause, which are characterized by high prevalence and heavy burden of disease as a global problem. The classification and catalog of occupational diseases is of great significance for guiding the prevention and control of occupational diseases and safeguarding the rights and interests of workers. The types of WMSDs included in the list of occupational diseases vary greatly from country to country, and the regulations on specific pathogenic factors are also inconsistent. By sorting out and analyzing the lists and characteristics of WMSDs at home and abroad, and using the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) in occupational health to standardize of WMSDs in various countries, which would lay the foundation for future multi-country WMSDs occupational health registration and disease burden research, and provide a reference for China to revise the WMSDs list.

Health expenditures and causa mortis: an investigation on municipalities of the State of Paraná, Brazil / Gastos com saúde e causa mortis: uma investigação dos municípios do Estado do Paraná, Brasil / Gastos en salud y causa mortis: una investigación para los municipios del Estado de Paraná, Brasil

The Brazilian government shares the responsibility of financing public health among federal, state, and municipal levels. Health expenditures are thus uneven across the country and cannot contribute equally to health outcomes across disease categories. This study aims to identify how the health expenditures of municipalities affect the mortality rate in the state of Paraná by causa mortis. We considered years of life lost for each municipality, the chapters of the International Classification of Diseases (10th revision), and the elasticity of this measure in relation to public health expenditure. Considering the possibility of endogeneity, this study follows the instrumental variable approach in a panel of generalized method of moments - instrumental variable (GMM-IV) with fixed effects. Our results show that a 1% increase in health expenditure could decrease the average number of years lost specifically for some causes from 0.176% to 1.56% at the municipal level. These findings could elucidate policy perspective within state finance.

O financiamento da saúde pública é uma responsabilidade compartilhada entre as três esferas governamentais brasileiras, i.e., a federal, estadual e municipal. Logo, gastos divergem pelo território e não se poderia esperar que contribuíssem de forma homogênea para os desfechos de saúde em todos os tipos de doença. Este artigo busca identificar como gastos municipais afetam a taxa de mortalidade no Estado do Paraná dado sua causa mortis. Consideramos anos de vida perdidos para cada município, os capítulos da Classificação Internacional de Doenças (10ª revisão) e estimamos a elasticidade dessa medida em relação aos gastos públicos em saúde. Considerando uma possível endogeneidade, este artigo segue a abordagem variável instrumental em um painel de método generalizado de momentos (GMM-IV) com efeitos fixos. Nossos resultados mostram que um aumento de 1% nos gastos municipais com saúde pode diminuir o número médio de anos perdidos entre 0,176% e 1,56% para algumas causas especificas de mortalidade. Nosso estudo pode lançar alguma luz sobre a perspectiva política das finanças dos estados.

La financiación de la salud pública es una responsabilidad compartida entre las tres esferas del gobierno brasileño, a nivel federal, estatal y municipal. En este sentido, los gastos son desiguales en el territorio, y no se puede esperar que contribuyan de forma homogénea a los resultados de salud en las distintas categorías de enfermedades. La función de este trabajo es identificar cómo los gastos de los municipios afectan a la tasa de mortalidad en el Estado de Paraná, por causa mortis. Se consideraron los años de vida perdidos para cada municipio, los capítulos de la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (10ª revisión), y se estimó la elasticidad de esta medida en relación con el gasto sanitario público. Teniendo en cuenta la posibilidad de endogeneidad, este trabajo sigue el enfoque de variables instrumentales en un panel de los método generalizado de momentos (GMM-IV) con efectos fijos. Nuestros resultados muestran que un aumento del 1% en el gasto sanitario puede disminuir el número medio de años perdidos específicamente por algunas causas del 0,176% al 1,56%, a nivel municipal. Esto puede arrojar algo de luz sobre la perspectiva política dentro de las finanzas de los estados.

Diagnosis associated with COVID-19 (U07.1), pneumonia- unspecified (J18. 9) and other types of admissions: A restricted medical scheme case study-South Africa

The primary objective of this study was to assess the characteristics of patients admitted for COVID-19, 'J18.9 Pneumonia, unspecified organism' and other types of diagnoses. The aim was to assess as to what extent do COVID-19 related admissions changed to pneumonia, and as to what extent do 'J18.9 Pneumonia, unspecified organism' related admissions that changed to COVID-19 diagnosis at discharge stage. The secondary objective of the study was to assess' predictors of readmissions in private hospitals. The review period was private hospital claims received by the scheme between January and August 2020. The inclusion criteria for COVID-19 admissions were patients that had a laboratory-confirmed (RT ? PCR assay) COVID-19. Predictors of readmissions were modelled using logistic regression. The study found that restricted scheme patients admitted for a COVID-19 diagnosis changed to a 'J18.9 Pneumonia, unspecified organism' diagnosis. The converse was found to be true in that some patients that were admitted as J18.9 Pneumonia, unspecified organism' diagnosis changed to a COVID-19 diagnosis. This study showed underlying factors associated with hospital admissions and predictors of readmissions in private hospitals.

Effects of training on coding accuracy of obstetrical diagnosis in Naili DBS Hospital

Background: The accuracy of clinical coding is very important in the proper financing of health care centers. During January to February 2019, only 35 out of 60 obstetrical cases that were well coded (58%) in Naili DBS Hospital and this miscoding would led to a big financial loss. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of training on coding accuracy.Methods: This study was conducted during April 2019 in Naili DBS Hospital using quasi experimental method, with one group pretest and post-test design. All 11 participants were given a pretest consisted of 10 long cases (maximum score=38) and the training was conducted based on the identified needs from the preliminary audit. They were then given a post-test to see the effect of the training.Results: The mean score of pretest was 10.7 and the mean score of post-test was 19.7. The individual scores were normalized and then analyzed using SPSS with paired sample T-test. Based on statistical analysis, p<0.005 meaning the traning is statistically significant on improving the coding accuracy in obstetrical diagnosis.Conclusions: The training has significantly improved the score of well coded obstetrical diagnosis, even though the participants have not reached the maximum score. Furthermore, our study suggests that it is important to analyze the coders’ performance months after the training by conducting a coding audit

A study on hospital bed utilisation based on disease wise ICD-10 coding in surgery ward of a rural tertiary care hospital of Darjeeling district of West Bengal

Background: Hospital costs are the largest component of health expenditure and they have therefore been a key focus in the drive for increased efficiency in the health sector.1With the simultaneous menace of ever increasing price rise and population explosion there is dearth of the existing meagre resources and thereby it becomes necessary to allocate and utilise the available resources to the fullest with provisions for minimum wastage. The objective of this study is to find out the pattern of diseases with their ICD-10 codes and the hospital performance indicators in patients admitted at the surgery ward of North Bengal Medical College during the study period.Methods: A descriptive epidemiological study with cross-sectional design was done by complete enumeration of all patients admitted in surgery ward of North Bengal Medical College and Hospital in Darjeeling district of West Bengal from July 2016 to September 2016.Results: A total of 2227 patients were admitted during the study period with intra-cerebral haemorrhage (I61) being the most common cause of admission followed by abdominal injury (S36) and burn (T29). The bed occupancy rate was 144.21%, bed turn-over rate 14.26 and average length 9.1. Scatter plot indicates hospital utilisation at Region IV as per Pabon Lasso Model of Hospital Utilisation.Conclusions: A high bed occupancy rate and low bed turn-over rate indicates scarcity of hospital beds, preponderance of severe and chronic cases and unnecessary stay in hospital.

Impact of Music Therapy in Reducing the Severity of Depression Measured by MADRS among Depression Patients: A Randomized Control Study

Background: The most serious and frequent mental disorders worldwide is depression. Depression is also known for second major cause of morbidity after cardiovascular disease throughout the world by 2020 as predicted by the World Health Organisation. Various treatment options are available for treating depression which includes pharmacological and non-pharmacological. Non-pharmacological treatment options like yoga, meditation and music therapy are gaining importance. Objectives: To assess the efficacy of music therapy in reducing the severity of depression using 10- item, clinician administered Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) among depression patients. Materials and methods: Music therapy was administered to depression patients weekly two sessions for one hour duration over a period of 2 months. The impact of this was measured by using MADRS rating scale. Results: The mean score of depression as assessed by MADRS was reduced significantly from 32.90±14.16 to 2.00±1.76 (P<0.05). Conclusion: Music therapy with Indian classical music is beneficial in alleviating the severity of symptoms of depression among depression patients.

Identifying out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients by using International Classification of Diseases codes and procedure code

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to evaluate the validity of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10) codes for identifying patients who suffered out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). METHODS: Consecutive data pertaining to adult patients who suffered OHCA or received ICD-10 codes for cardiac arrest were collected. Patient characteristics and clinical data during the period from January 2015 to December 2016 were obtained. The sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of each code for identifying OHCA were calculated and an optimal algorithm using diagnostic and procedure codes to detect OHCA patients was selected. The kappa coefficient was calculated to examine the agreement between algorithm-detected cases and true OHCA patients. RESULTS: A total of 397 patients were included in this study. The single use of ICD-10 codes was an insensitive method for identifying OHCA patients. Combination of diagnostic codes and procedure codes showed a good sensitivity (98.6%) and PPV (94.8%) for identifying OHCA patients. The agreement between the optimal algorithm and true OHCA was excellent (κ=0.970). CONCLUSION: Using ICD-10 codes for identifying OHCA patients is an insensitive method. The combination of ICD-10 codes and procedure codes can be an alternative search method.

Analysis of the Accuracy of ICD - 10 Coding for Ear Herpes Zoster / 现代医院

Objective To analyze error of ear herpes zoster, find out the reasons and put forward countermeasures, improve the accuracy of ear herpes zoster coding. Methods A hospital has been retrieved for 97 copies of B02. 2 + medical records for nearly 3 years, according to the ICD-10 coding principle, review the medical records to find out the error code. Results The coding error rate of ear herpes zoster is relatively high. The main cause of coding errors is the confusion of the concept of classification of ear herpes zoster by coders. The cause of the error also lies in the fact that the coders does not read the medical record and the clinical diagnosis is not enough. Conclusion The key to correct coding is continuously improving the clinical knowledge of coders and distinguishing the type of ear herpes zoster.

Characteristics and progress of International Disease Classification on ICD-11 / 中华医院管理杂志

The authors described the purpose of the creation, the structure of the basic model, and the changes in the chapters of ICD-11, and analyzed its differences with ICD-10, as well as its unique advantages and current progress. The revision of ICD-11 is closely related to the development of modern medicine. It features more elaborate expression of diseases and informatization of classification tools, making it better fitting the development of medical and health information big data and facilitating the global collection and application of medical information data.

La histeria clásica y moderna: una visión sinóptica Parte II Diagnóstico / Classic and modern hysteria: a synoptic view. Part II Diagnosis

Todo diagnóstico de un problema descubierto lleva implícito un proceso de análisis y síntesis. Todavía no se ha logrado encontrar una clara definición de la histeria, precisamente por su "psicoplasticidad", es decir, por la infinidad de expresiones clínicas en que se puede presentar. Además su eliminación de los códigos diagnósticos la fragmentó en diversos síndromes o conjuntos sintomáticos. El psicoanálisis, asociado al concepto, fue desperfilado por la psiquiatría americana con el advenimiento de la investigación biológica sobre trastornos mentales y nuevos descubrimientos como los sistemas de neurotransmisores. Quedaron atrás los criterios de Feighner, que abarcaban los diagnósticos de neurosis de ansiedad, neurosis obsesivo-compulsiva, neurosis fóbica, histeria. Se analiza clasificaciones CIE y DSM, en las que se puede rastrear la histeria. Palabras claves: histeria, neurosis, diagnóstico, CIE-10.

Every diagnosis of a discovered problem implies a process of analysis and synthesis. A clear definition of hysteria has not yet been found, precisely because of its "psychoplasticity", that is, by the infinity of clinical expressions in which it can be presented. In addition its elimination of the diagnostic codes fragmented it in diverse syndromes or symptomatic sets. Psychoanalysis, associated with the concept, was unburied by American psychiatry with the advent of biological research on mental disorders and new discoveries such as neurotransmitter systems. Feighner's criteria, which included diagnoses of anxiety neurosis, obsessive-compulsive neurosis, phobic neurosis and hysteria, were left behind. We analyze CIE and DSM classifications, in which hysteria can be traced.

Analyze 11425 cases of congenital malformations for birth defects intervention / 实用医学杂志

Objective To collect the incidence and distribution of congenital malformations ,find monitor-ing and preventive measures,to provide a basis for reasonable allocation of health resources for clinical depart-ments. Methods According to The International Classification of Diseases(ICD-10)chapter 17 encoding table, we analyze our hospital′s cases from January 2003 to December 2010 in order to understand the incidence of con-genital malformations of every system. Results Top five diseases are:cleft palate deformity ,genital malforma-tion,congenital heart disease and digestive system malformation in equal third place,and facial deformity. The age ranged from 1d to 35 y,men more than women. Conclusions The key to effectively reduce the incidence of con-genital malformation is strictly implement the three-level intervention mechanism. Prevention ,early detection and early treatment will improve the patient′s quality of life.

Mortality in Children Under 5: Prevalence of Congenital Malformations and its Associated Demographic Variables

Congenital malformations (CM) comprise a wide range of abnormalities of body structure or function that are present at birth and are of prenatal origin. It has contributed to a significant proportion of infant morbidity and mortality. The aims of this study were to determine the extent and investigate the relationship between CM and its associated demographic variables. Data was extracted from Ministry of Health (MOH) database compiled from the reports on Stillbirth & Under 5 Mortality from year 2013 to 2014. Out of 9,827 child death, 2,840 (28.9%) were classified under CM as defined under ICD-10 classification. Majority of those with CMs died at neonatal stage (62.7%) and among mothers aged between 20 to 35 years old (67.3%). The mean age of mothers among CM children was 30.8±6.5 years old. Approximately 5.8%, 6.7% and 3.3 % of total CM were neural tube defects, heart defects and hydrops fetalis respectively. The prevalence of CM in males was 15% higher than females. The difference were evident between CM and age of death of children under 5 years old (p<0.001) as well as between CM and maternal age groups (p<0.001). CM is responsible for 28.9% of total causes of child death with higher occurrence of malformation in males. A significantly higher risk of CMs among mother aged between 20 to 35 years old was observed. This emphasises the importance of raising awareness and the need to strengthen appropriate response for surveillance and prevention program of common CM in Malaysia.

Agreement between international classification of disease (ICD) and cause of death and associated conditions (CODAC) for the ascertainment of cause of stillbirth (SB) in the rural areas of north India.

International Classification of Diseases-10 th version (ICD-10) has been used to ascertain the cause of death but its use for stillbirths (SBs) is limited. Cause of Death and Associated Conditions (CODAC) as a detailed system expected to provide the exact cause of SB, so a community-based study was planned to study the level of agreement between ICD-10 and CODAC for ascertaining the cause of SB. A verbal autopsy (VA) tool was used to collect the information and then the cause of each SB was assigned using ICD-10 and CODAC separately. Each tool was used for 87 SBs and found that prolonged singleton labor, maternal pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH), and central nervous system (CNS) related congenital malformations were considered the top three causes. There was a significant agreement between ICD-10 and CODAC but the latter offers a scope to delineate the causes more precisely due to its hierarchal nature.

Distribution of oral diseases in outpatient clinics:A Pareto analysis / 中华医学图书情报杂志

Objective To study the value of objective information transformation by analyzing oral diseases in outpa-tient department of our hospital and the diagnosis and treatment of oral diseases between expert clinic and outpatient clinic. Methods Oral diseases in over 50000 cases who visited the outpatient department of our hospital in 2015 were classified according to the ICD10 and analyzed by Pareto analysis. Results Dental carries, pulpitis, chronic periodontitis and dental crowding were the major diseases detected in outpatient department of our hospital, ac-counting for 80% of the total outpatients, and importance was thus attached to their treatment. Oral diseases re-ceived orthodontic therapy in expert clinic and received tooth implantation in outpatient clinic. Conclusion Hospi-tals should scientifically allocate their medical resources, strengthen the training of their young dentists, bring into full play of their limited medical resources according to the distribution of oral diseases in their outpatient depart-ments in order to meet the increasing demand of oral healthcare.

Design and Implementation of ICD-10 Online Exercise Training System / 医学信息学杂志

The paper designs and implements an online exercise training system based on B /S mode and introduces the development process of ICD-10 online exercise training system , including the system requirement analysis , functional design , database design , sys-tem implementation and system testing .Moreover, it introduces key technologies used in the development process .

TASA Y PORCENTAJES DE MORTALIDAD POR ENFERMEDADES RESPIRATORIAS ¿QUÉ LUGAR OCUPA EL ASMA BRONQUIAL? / Mortality rates and percentages of deaths from respiratory diseases: ¿What place does bronchial asthma occupy?

Introducción. El asma bronquial es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica de las vías respiratorias. La reversibilidad de sus síntomas es su característica. La carga epigenética es un factor importante. Las estadísticas de mortalidad son una fuente importante de información para la salud ya que nos permite establecer estrategias terapéuticas preventivas. La Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades CIE 10 nos provee un sistema alfanumérico vasto y didáctico. Objetivos. (1) Informar las tasas y porcentajes de fallecimientos por enfermedades del aparato respiratorio ocurridas entre los años 2000 a 2007 en la Provincia de Santa Fe y (2) Informar qué porcentaje y tasas de fallecimientos ocupa el asma bronquial dentro de las enfermedades crónicas de las vías respiratorias Inferiores. Material y métodos. El Ministerio de Salud de Santa Fe suministró los datos obtenidos de los certificados de defunción en el período 2000-2007; los informes se hacen en base a las normas de la OMS a través de la CIE 10, agrupados en el cap. 10 J00 a J99. Resultados. Objetivo 1: haciendo el análisis de los grupos J00 a J99 se puede observar que el mayor porcentaje de muerte es debido a neumonías agudas (J10 a J18) con 37%, le siguen J95 a J99 con 27%. Luego J40-J47 con el 22%. Este grupo incluye al asma y estado asmático con 3% del total. Los códigos J80 -84 y J60- 70 siguen con el 7 y 6% respectivamente. Objetivo 2: cuando analizamos en número y porcentaje las causas de muerte en el grupo 5 (J40-47), el grupo J44 (EPOC) tiene 82%, el grupo J45-46 (asma) 11%, el grupo J43 (enfisema) 4%, elgrupo J41-42 (bronquitis) 3% y el grupo J47 (bronquiectasias) menos del 1%. La tasa de mortalidad por asma bronquial en la provincia de Santa Fe años 2000- 2007 da un promedio anual de 24 muertes por millón de habitantes. En el grupo de 5-34 años es de 1,2 por millón de habitantes. La tasa de mortalidad por EPOC en el mismo período da un promedio de 187 por millón de habitantes. Conclusiones. Las tasas de muerte por asma son altas y los porcentajes de otras patologías del aparato respiratorio también son altas. La única fuente de datos son los certificados de defunción y es poco precisa a la hora de realizar estadísticas a pesar de ser coherentes comparando los datos de diferentes regiones del mundo. Para ajustar las estadísticas deberíamos analizar si el enfermo muere por su asma (válida) o muere con su asma (no válida). (AU)

Background. Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by the reversibility of symptoms. The epigenetic burden is a major factor. Mortality statistics are an important source of health information since they allow us to establish preventive treatment strategies. The International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) provides an extensive and educational alphanumeric system. Aims: (1) To report rates and percentages of respiratory system deaths occurred between years 2000-2007 in the province of Santa Fe; and (2) To report rates and percentages of deaths due to bronchial asthma among "chronic diseases of the lower respiratory system". Material and methods: The Ministry of Health of Santa Fe provided data from death records for the period between 2000 and 2007. Reports are based on WHO norms using the ICD-10 codes J00 to J99 from chapter X. Results: (1) A detailed analysis of codes J00 to J99 showed that the highest percentage of deaths are due to acute pneumonias (J10 to J18), accounting for 37% of deaths, followed by codes J95 to J99 with 27% and codes J40-J47 with 22%. This last group includes asthma and status asthmaticus with 3% of the total. There follow codes J80 -84 and J60-70 with 7% and 6%, respectively. (2) After assessing the number and percentages of causes of death from chronic lower respiratory diseases (J40-47), code J44 (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) accounts for 82% of deaths, codes J45-46 (asthma-status asthmaticus) for 11%, code J43 (emphysema) for 4%, codes J41-42 (bronchitis) for 3% and code J47 (bronchiectasis) for less than 1%. Over the period 2000-2007, mortality rates from bronchial asthma in the province of Santa Fe yield an annual average of 24 deaths per million inhabitants; being 1.2 deaths per million inhabitants in the 5-34 age-groups. COPD mortality rates during that same period give an average of 187 deaths per million inhabitants. Conclusions. Asthma death rates are high as well as percentages from other respiratory system conditions. The only source of data are death records, which are scarce and imprecise to perform statistical calculations; despite being consistent with data from different regions of the world. To adjust statistics, we should determine if patients die from their asthma (valid) or with their asthma (not valid).(AU)

A técnica de Rorschach e os critérios da CID-10 para o diagnóstico da esquizofrenia / The Rorschach technique and the ICD-10 criteria for schizophrenia diagnosis

Trata de um estudo de correlação entre as variáveis da técnica de Rorschach (Sistema Klopfer) e os grupos de sinais e sintomas da CID-10 para a esquizofrenia. Participaram desse estudo 80 pacientes com o diagnóstico de esquizofrenia pela CID-10, com recidiva da doença, internados em hospitais psiquiátricos de Goiânia. Observou-se que, dentre os 8 grupos de sinais e sintomas da CID-10 para esquizofrenia, 7 grupos tiveram correlações com variáveis distintas do Rorschach. Tais dados sugerem que, embora exista uma relação entre as variáveis dos dois instrumentos, estas variáveis não se sobrepõem substancialmente. Entende-se que são importantes as pesquisas que indiquem padrões de inter-relação entre diferentes modelos de avaliação de distúrbios psíquicos, a fim de que se possam apontar pontos de convergência e divergência entre os mesmos, avançando desse modo em questões conceituais.

This is a correlational study between the variables of the Rorschach technique (Klopfer System) and groups of signals and symptoms of ICD-10 for schizophrenia. Eighty patients diagnosed with schizophrenia by the ICD-10, with disease recidivation, who were hospitalized in a psychiatric service in the city of Goiânia participated in the study. We observed that among the 8 groups of signals and symptoms of ICD10 for schizophrenia, 7 groups had correlations with distinct variable of Rorschach. These data suggest that while there is a relationship between the variables of the two instruments, such variables do not overlap substantially. It is understood that researches are important to indicate patterns of interrelationship between different models for evaluation of mental disorders so that they can point out similarities and differences between them, thereby advancing the conceptual issues.

Trends in Pneumonia and Influenza-associated Hospitalizations in South Korea, 2002-2005.

Pneumonia and influenza are leading causes of morbidity and mortality across the globe. Korea has established the national health-insurance system to cover the entire Korean population since 1989. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiologic trends in pneumonia and influenza-associated hospitalizations and deaths using the Korean National Health Insurance databases and national vital statistics. During 2002-2005, 989,472 hospitalizations and 10,543 deaths due to pneumonia and influenza were recorded. Eighty-one percent of the hospitalizations were related to diagnoses with unspecified aetiology. The average annual rate of hospitalizations due to pneumonia and influenza was 5.2 per 1,000 people [95% confidence interval (CI) 5.2-5.3], and the hospitalization rate increased by 28% (from 4.5 to 5.8 per 1,000 people) during the four-year study period. In addition, deaths due to pneumonia and influenza increased by 48% (2,829 during 2003, 3,522 during 2004, and 4,192 during 2005). Overall, the national burden of hospitalizations and deaths due to pneumonia and influenza in Korea was high, and it increased for all age-groups during the study period. A comprehensive review of potential interventions by the government authorities should aim to reduce the burden of pneumonia and influenza.